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稷下學(xué)宮客滿堂

2014-11-05 08:37:10 來源:臨汾新聞網(wǎng)   瀏覽次數(shù):

荀子(約公元前313年-公元前238年),,名況,,字卿,,戰(zhàn)國(guó)末期趙國(guó)人(據(jù)考證為臨汾市安澤縣人),是著名的思想家,、文學(xué)家、政治家,,儒家代表人物之一,,時(shí)人尊稱“荀卿”。曾三次出任齊國(guó)稷下學(xué)宮的祭酒,,后為楚蘭陵令,。

荀子對(duì)儒家思想有所發(fā)展,,提倡性惡論,其學(xué)說常被后人拿來跟孟子的“性善論”比較,,荀子對(duì)重新整理儒家典籍也有相當(dāng)顯著的貢獻(xiàn),。司馬遷所寫的《史記·孟子荀卿列傳》記錄了他的生平。荀子于五十歲(有學(xué)者認(rèn)為傳抄時(shí)誤將十五改為五十),,始來游學(xué)于齊國(guó),,到襄王時(shí)代“最為老師”,“三為祭酒”,。后來被逸而適楚,,春申君以為蘭陵令,春申君死而荀卿廢,,家居蘭陵,,韓非、李斯,,以及漢初政治家,、科學(xué)家張蒼均為其門下高足。都是他的入室弟子,,亦因?yàn)樗膬擅茏訛榉掖砣宋?,使歷代有部分學(xué)者懷疑荀子是否屬于儒家學(xué)者,荀子也因其弟子而在中國(guó)歷史上受到許多學(xué)者猛烈抨擊,。

荀子是第一個(gè)使用賦的名稱和用問答體寫賦的人,,同屈原一起被稱為“辭賦之祖”。他曾入秦,,稱秦國(guó)“治之至也”,。又到過趙國(guó)與臨武君議兵于趙孝成王面前。他的著作集為《荀子》,,清末學(xué)者譚嗣同在他的《仁學(xué)》中這樣評(píng)價(jià):兩千年來之學(xué),,荀學(xué)也,皆鄉(xiāng)愿也,。晚年的代表作有《勸學(xué)》,。

荀子對(duì)各家都有所批評(píng),唯獨(dú)推崇孔子的思想,,認(rèn)為是最好的治國(guó)理念,。荀子以孔子的繼承人自居,特別著重地繼承了孔子的“外王學(xué)”,。他又從知識(shí)論的立場(chǎng)上批判地總結(jié)和吸收了諸子百家的理論主張,,形成了富有特色的“明于天人之分”的自然觀、“化性起偽”的道德觀、“禮儀之治”的社會(huì)歷史觀,,并在此基礎(chǔ)上,,對(duì)先秦哲學(xué)進(jìn)行了總結(jié)。

荀子的思想偏向于經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及人事方面,,是從社會(huì)脈絡(luò)方面出發(fā),,重視社會(huì)秩序,反對(duì)神秘主義的思想,,重視人為的努力,。孔子中心思想為“仁”,,孟子中心思想為“義”,,荀子繼二人后提出“禮”、“法”,,重視社會(huì)上人們行為的規(guī)范,。以孔子為圣人,但反對(duì)孟子和子思為首的“思孟學(xué)派”哲學(xué)思想,,認(rèn)為子弓與自己才是繼承孔子思想的學(xué)者,。荀子認(rèn)為人與生俱來就想滿足欲望,若欲望得不到滿足便會(huì)發(fā)生爭(zhēng)執(zhí),,因此主張人性有惡(詳情參考易中天教授《先秦諸子之百家爭(zhēng)鳴》),,須要由圣王及禮法的教化,來“化性起偽”使人格提高,。

與孔,、孟相比,荀子的思想則具有更多的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義傾向,。他在重視禮義道德教育的同時(shí),也強(qiáng)調(diào)了政法制度的懲罰作用,。

這正是:三為祭酒傳儒學(xué),,稷下學(xué)宮客滿堂;吸收修正諸家言,“禮法結(jié)合”聲名揚(yáng),。  錫剛

     

責(zé)任編輯:柏東麗

上一篇: Expression tag_bean.title is undefined on line 146, column 67 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html. The problematic instruction: ---------- ==> ${tag_bean.title} [on line 146, column 65 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html] in user-directive cms_content [on line 145, column 18 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html] ---------- Java backtrace for programmers: ---------- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: Expression tag_bean.title is undefined on line 146, column 67 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html. at freemarker.core.TemplateObject.assertNonNull(TemplateObject.java:124) at freemarker.core.Expression.getStringValue(Expression.java:118) at freemarker.core.Expression.getStringValue(Expression.java:93) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:76) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.IfBlock.accept(IfBlock.java:82) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.Environment$1.render(Environment.java:235) at com.viscms.cms.action.directive.ContentDirective.execute(ContentDirective.java:64) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:263) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:126) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:190) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:237) at com.viscms.cms.staticpage.StaticPageDaoImpl.contentStaticFtpall(StaticPageDaoImpl.java:2266) at com.viscms.cms.staticpage.StaticPageSvcImpl.contentFtpall(StaticPageSvcImpl.java:700) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at org.springframework.aop.support.AopUtils.invokeJoinpointUsingReflection(AopUtils.java:317) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:183) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:150) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor$1.proceedWithInvocation(TransactionInterceptor.java:96) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:260) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:94) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:172) at org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:204) at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy65.contentFtpall(Unknown Source) at com.viscms.cms.staticpage.StaticAct.contentSubmitFtp(StaticAct.java:478) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodInvoker.invokeHandlerMethod(HandlerMethodInvoker.java:176) at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.invokeHandlerMethod(AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.java:440) at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.handle(AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.java:428) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:925) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:856) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:936) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doPost(FrameworkServlet.java:838) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:650) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:812) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:731) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter.doFilterInternal(OpenSessionInViewFilter.java:230) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:88) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at com.viscms.common.web.ProcessTimeFilter.doFilter(ProcessTimeFilter.java:39) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at org.springframework.orm.hibernate3.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter.doFilterInternal(OpenSessionInViewFilter.java:230) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:219) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:110) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:498) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:169) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:103) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:962) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:116) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:445) at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1115) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:637) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AprEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(AprEndpoint.java:2555) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.AprEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(AprEndpoint.java:2544) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1145) at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:615) at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:744)